MODAL AUXLARIES

MODAL AUXLARIES?
The verbs can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and shall are verbs which 'help' other verbs to express a meaning: it is important to realise that these "modal verbs" have no meaning by themselves. A modal verb such as would has several varying functions; it can be used, for example, to help verbs express ideas about the past, the present and the future. It is therefore wrong to simply believe that "would is the past of will": it is many other things.

Explanation	Sample sentences
Do not use modals for things which happen definitely.	The sun rises in the east. - A modal can't be used in this sentence.
They have no -s in the 3rd person singular.	He can play football.
Questions are formed without do/does/did.	Can he speak Spanish?
It follows a main verb in its infinitive.	They must read the book.
There are no past forms (except could and would).	He was allowed to watch the film.
When you use the past participle you tell about things which did not happen in the past.	You should have told me.

Long and contracted forms of modals

Affirmative		Negative
Long forms	Contracted forms	Long forms	Contracted forms
can	--	cannot	can't
could	--	could not	couldn't
may	--	may not	--
might	--	might not	--
ought to	--	ought not to	oughtn't to
need	--	need not	needn't
shall	'll	shall not	shan't
should	'd	should not	shouldn't
will	'll	will not	won't
would	'd	would not	wouldn't

CAN & COULD

Talking about ability

Can you speak Mandarin? (present)
She could play the piano when she was five. (past)

Making requests

Can you give me a ring at about 10? 
Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or 'softer')

Asking permission

Can I ask you a question?
Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect)

Reported speech

Could is used as the past of can.

He asked me if I could pick him up after work.

General possibility

You can drive when you're 17. (present)
Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.

Choice and opportunities

If you want some help with your writing, you can come to classes, or you can get some 1:1 help.
We could go to Stratford tomorrow, but the forecast's not brilliant. (less definite)

Future probability

Could (NOT can) is sometimes used in the same way as might or may, often indicating something less definite.

When I leave university I might travel around a bit, I might do an MA or I suppose I could even get a job.

Present possibility

I think you could be right you know. (NOT can)
That can't be the right answer, it just doesn't make sense.

Past possibility

If I'd known the lecture had been cancelled, I could have stayed in bed longer.

MAY

Talking about things that can happen in certain situations

If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may experience headaches.
Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients.

With a similar meaning to although

The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done. (= Although it was a success, there is still ...)

MIGHT

Saying that something was possible, but did not actually happen

You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given me a lift!

OUGHT TO

Ought to usually has the same meaning as should, particularly in affirmative statements in the present:

You should/ought to get your hair cut.

SHALL

Shall is a form of will, used mostly in the first person. Its use, however, is decreasing, and in any case in spoken English it would be contracted to "-ll" and be indistinguishable from will.

The only time you do need to use it is in questions, when:

Making offers

Shall I fetch you another glass of wine?

Making suggestions

Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

SHOULD

Giving advice

I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics.
You shouldn't have ordered that chocolate dessert - you're not going to finish it.

Obligation: weak form of must

The university should provide more sports facilities.
The equipment should be inspected regularly.

Deduction

The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted it first class.

Things which didn't or may/may not have happened

I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot.
You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question.

WILL

Talking about the past with certainty
I'm sure you will have noticed that attendance has fallen sharply.

WOULD

As the past of will, for example in indirect speech

"The next meeting will be in a month's time" becomes
He said the next meeting would be in a month's time.

Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)

Would you like another cup of tea?
Would you give me a ring after lunch?
I'd like the roast duck, please.

SOURCE:LINK 1

          LINK 2

BITCOIN BUBBLE

MARKETS frequently froth and bubble, but the boom in bitcoin, a digital currency, is extraordinary. Although its price is down from an all-time high of $2,420 on May 24th, it has more than doubled in just two months. Anyone clever or lucky enough to have bought $1,000 of bitcoins in July 2010, when the price stood at $0.05, would now have a stash worth $46m. Other cryptocurrencies have soared, too, giving them a collective market value of about $80bn.

Ascents this steep are rarely sustainable. More often than not, the word “bitcoin” now comes attached to the word “bubble”. But the question of what has driven up the price is important. Is this just a speculative mania, or is it evidence that bitcoin is taking on a more substantial role as a medium of exchange or a store of value? Put another way, is bitcoin like a tulip, gold or the dollar—or is it something else entirely?

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Start with the case that this is nothing more than a virtual tulipmania, a speculative hysteria in which a rising price encourages ever more buyers, no matter what the asset is. Bitcoin’s recent trajectory certainly seems manic. Retail investors have piled in. Many already familiar with bitcoin investing have moved on to bet on alternatives, such as Ethereum, and “initial coin offerings” (ICOs), in which firms issue digital tokens of their own.

It looks like a scammers’ paradise, yet unlike tulips, bitcoins have real uses. They now buy everything from pizzas to computers. So if a tulip isn’t the right analogue, how about gold? Bitcoins certainly seem to bear more than a passing resemblance. Goldbugs mistrust governments and their money-printing tendencies; so too do bitcoinesseurs: no central bank is in charge of bitcoin. But a store of value should not bounce around as much as this one does: bitcoin swung from more than $1,100 in late 2013 to less than $200 a year later, before climbing, in fits and starts, to its current dizzying heights.

Rather than being just a form of digital gold, bitcoin aspires to loftier goals: to be a means of exchange like the euro, yen or the dollar. Regulators are starting to take bitcoin seriously. Some of the price surge can be explained by Japan’s decision to treat bitcoin more like any other currency. Yet the bitcoin system is operating at its limits and its developers cannot agree on how to increase the number of exchanges the system is able to handle. As a result, a transaction now costs nearly $4 in fees on average and takes many tedious hours to confirm. For convenience, a dollar bill beats it hands down.

Not so dotty

If bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are unlike anything else, what are they? The best comparison may be with the internet and the dotcom boom it created in the late 1990s. Like the internet, cryptocurrencies both embody innovation and give rise to more of it. They are experiments in themselves of how to maintain a public database (the “blockchain”) without anybody in particular, a bank, say, being in charge. Georgia, for instance, is using the technology to secure government records (see article). And blockchains are platforms for further experiments. Take Ethereum, for example. It allows all kinds of projects, from video games to online markets, to raise funds by issuing tokens—essentially private money that can be traded and used within these projects. Although such ICOs need to be handled with care, they could also generate intriguing inventions. Fans hope that they will give rise to decentralised upstarts taking aim at today’s oligopolistic technology giants, such as Amazon and Facebook.

This may seem like a dangerous way to generate innovation. Investors could lose their shirts; a crash in one asset class could spread to others, creating wobbles in the financial system. But in the case of cryptocurrencies such risks seem limited. It is hard to argue that those buying cryptocurrencies are unaware of the risks. And since they are still a fairly self-contained system, contagion is unlikely.

If there is such a thing as a healthy bubble, this is it. To be sure, regulators should watch out that cryptocurrencies do not become even more of a conduit for criminal activity, such as drug dealing. But they should think twice before coming down hard, particularly on ICOs. Being too spiky would not just prick a bubble, but also prevent a lot of the useful innovation that is likely to come about at the same time.

AVOCA(DO)

In the world of industrial clothing, fruit of the avocado seed part processed into dye clothes that do not easily wear off. While the stems of trees that burn easily regular dried and eventually used asfuel by the villagers.

On the tree bark contained compounds that will give Brown a material or a material, usually a company engaged in the manufacture of leather products utilize the tree bark as a brown dye.

In the world of pharmaceuticals, avocado leaves since the Foundation of the old herbal decoctionto treat urinary stones, pain in the nerves and stomach, headache, high blood, airwaypemebengkakan and menstruation are less regular. While the seeds are often made into clothingdyes can also be fresh as a remedy a toothache and diabetes.

The experts also often carry out a series of research studies on meat or avocado fruit skins andseeds to maintain the condition of health, prevent disease, as well as shrink the risks to health disorders of the human body.

The following results are obtained from thebanyapenelitian has been done to find scientists arerightly much stored vital nutrients that bring thebenefits of avocado fruit for the health of the body.

1. Speed up the absorption of nutrients

Based on a study conducted a few years ago revealed that certain nutrients coming into the bodycan be absorbed better, faster and far more effective when eaten in unison with the avocado fruit.

As proof, again a research to make sure the truth of the matter. Two people eating a salad, one of which included the avocado while the other does not, after checked turned out to be true one person eating a salad that avocado helps the absorption of nutrients is five times better than not.

2. Maintain eye health

Content of lutein in the avocado fruit is the most lutein levels than any other fruits that have theprivilege in sustain human health.

Lutein is part of carotenoid that is naturally produced in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants. Lutein is responsible for maintaining the health of human vision. Research also shows thathigh levels of lutein in the avocado can shrink the risk of abnormalities in the eye particularlymacular degeneration and cataracts.

3. Inhibits the growth of cancer cells

According to the doctor, in the body of every human being there are cancer cells that somedaycould grow, depending on the health condition of the respective body and how a personmaintaining the health condition remained stable.

While the connection with the avocado fruit is with the help of some of the compounds contained in it are able to inhibit cancer cells as well as searching for new cancer cells that arise and so foundimmediately destroyed without giving the bad impact towards active health cells etc.

4. Lower your cholesterol levels

Diseases such as Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), Xanthomas and heart failure is a kind ofdisease that would infect a person if the levels of bad cholesterol in the body exceeds the amount of HDL (good cholesterol).

Knowing the bad things the experts conducting research against 45 people with high LDL numberfor ruled the fruit of avocado in the span of one week. As a result of their routine that actually eat the fruit of avocado in one weekend decline of cholesterol by 17% without reducing levels ofcholesterol is good for the survival of a heart organ function.

5. The source of the Glutathione Antioxidant

Glutathione or GSH is the mother of all kinds of antioxidants. The cells in the body very much hopeon the performance of the master antioxidant. One of the benefits of GSH is anti-aging withincreasing content of collagen in the body, especially the skin, so as to minimize the incidence ofwrinkles on the face and other body parts.

Quoted from the website of the independent, avocado fruit is one of the main sources of glutathione. The names of others present are asparagus, spinach, broccoli and vegetable. All freshfruit and vegetables can improve the levels of glutathione, in particular vegetables such ascabbage, bean sprouts, and cabbage. You can also do mixing nutrition to get glutathione moremaximum. For example, by enjoying dinner with a salad vegetable, egg, and avocado juice.

6. Contains Potassium

Potassium belongs into the mineral utilized by autonomic nervous control heart rate, brain function, and other important physiological processes. The fruit contains potassium digadang-gadang as long as this is the fruit of banana, but the facts prove that avocados contain potassium more turnsthan a banana. About double (975 mg) content of more potassium than a banana avocado fruit.

Benefits of avocado fruit for beauty certainly requires you to perform maintenance on a regular basis. Was labelled an example to hand scrub with the aim of smoothing the skin due to nutrientsas well as compounds in it that is great for maintaining healthy skin, as well as the benefits of olive oil